diff --git a/configure b/configure
index c2edf5534d..cccb6259fa 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -3377,6 +3377,7 @@ hevc_rkmpp_decoder_deps="rkmpp"
 hevc_rkmpp_decoder_select="hevc_mp4toannexb_bsf"
 hevc_vaapi_encoder_deps="VAEncPictureParameterBufferHEVC"
 hevc_vaapi_encoder_select="atsc_a53 cbs_h265 vaapi_encode"
+hevc_vulkan_encoder_select="atsc_a53 cbs_h265 vulkan_encode"
 hevc_v4l2m2m_decoder_deps="v4l2_m2m hevc_v4l2_m2m"
 hevc_v4l2m2m_decoder_select="hevc_mp4toannexb_bsf"
 hevc_v4l2m2m_encoder_deps="v4l2_m2m hevc_v4l2_m2m"
diff --git a/libavcodec/Makefile b/libavcodec/Makefile
index ea7cc0bd7d..012bd0baaa 100644
--- a/libavcodec/Makefile
+++ b/libavcodec/Makefile
@@ -451,6 +451,9 @@ OBJS-$(CONFIG_HEVC_QSV_ENCODER)        += qsvenc_hevc.o hevc/ps_enc.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HEVC_RKMPP_DECODER)      += rkmppdec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HEVC_VAAPI_ENCODER)      += vaapi_encode_h265.o h265_profile_level.o \
                                           h2645data.o hw_base_encode_h265.o
+OBJS-$(CONFIG_HEVC_VULKAN_ENCODER)     += vulkan_encode.o vulkan_encode_h265.o \
+                                          hw_base_encode.o hw_base_encode_h265.o \
+                                          h265_profile_level.o h2645data.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HEVC_V4L2M2M_DECODER)    += v4l2_m2m_dec.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HEVC_V4L2M2M_ENCODER)    += v4l2_m2m_enc.o
 OBJS-$(CONFIG_HEVC_VIDEOTOOLBOX_ENCODER) += videotoolboxenc.o
diff --git a/libavcodec/allcodecs.c b/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
index 2c5ae14d08..3bf26dca54 100644
--- a/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
+++ b/libavcodec/allcodecs.c
@@ -860,6 +860,7 @@ extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_qsv_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_v4l2m2m_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_vaapi_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_videotoolbox_encoder;
+extern const FFCodec ff_hevc_vulkan_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_libkvazaar_encoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_mjpeg_cuvid_decoder;
 extern const FFCodec ff_mjpeg_qsv_encoder;
diff --git a/libavcodec/vulkan_encode_h265.c b/libavcodec/vulkan_encode_h265.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3cb7a3b7df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libavcodec/vulkan_encode_h265.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1810 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of FFmpeg.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+ */
+
+#include "libavutil/opt.h"
+#include "libavutil/mem.h"
+
+#include "cbs.h"
+#include "cbs_h265.h"
+#include "atsc_a53.h"
+#include "libavutil/mastering_display_metadata.h"
+
+#include "codec_internal.h"
+#include "version.h"
+#include "hw_base_encode_h265.h"
+
+#include "vulkan_encode.h"
+
+enum UnitElems {
+    UNIT_AUD                     = 1 << 0,
+    UNIT_SEI_MASTERING_DISPLAY   = 1 << 1,
+    UNIT_SEI_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL = 1 << 2,
+    UNIT_SEI_A53_CC              = 1 << 3,
+};
+
+const FFVulkanEncodeDescriptor ff_vk_enc_h265_desc = {
+    .codec_id         = AV_CODEC_ID_H265,
+    .encode_extension = FF_VK_EXT_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265,
+    .encode_op        = VK_VIDEO_CODEC_OPERATION_ENCODE_H265_BIT_KHR,
+    .ext_props = {
+        .extensionName = VK_STD_VULKAN_VIDEO_CODEC_H265_ENCODE_EXTENSION_NAME,
+        .specVersion   = VK_STD_VULKAN_VIDEO_CODEC_H265_ENCODE_SPEC_VERSION,
+    },
+};
+
+typedef struct VulkanEncodeH265Picture {
+    int frame_num;
+    int64_t last_idr_frame;
+    uint16_t idr_pic_id;
+    int primary_pic_type;
+    int slice_type;
+    int pic_order_cnt;
+    int pic_type;
+
+    enum UnitElems units_needed;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH265RateControlInfoKHR vkrc_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265RateControlLayerInfoKHR vkrc_layer_info;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH265PictureInfo   h265pic_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265PictureInfoKHR vkh265pic_info;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH265WeightTable slice_wt;
+    StdVideoEncodeH265SliceSegmentHeader slice_hdr;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265NaluSliceSegmentInfoKHR vkslice;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH265ReferenceInfo h265dpb_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265DpbSlotInfoKHR vkh265dpb_info;
+
+    StdVideoEncodeH265ReferenceListsInfo ref_list_info;
+    StdVideoEncodeH265LongTermRefPics l_rps;
+    StdVideoH265ShortTermRefPicSet s_rps;
+} VulkanEncodeH265Picture;
+
+typedef struct VulkanEncodeH265Context {
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext common;
+
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH265 units;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH265Opts unit_opts;
+
+    enum UnitElems unit_elems;
+
+    uint8_t fixed_qp_idr;
+    uint8_t fixed_qp_p;
+    uint8_t fixed_qp_b;
+
+    uint64_t hrd_buffer_size;
+    uint64_t initial_buffer_fullness;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH265ProfileInfoKHR profile;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH265CapabilitiesKHR caps;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265QualityLevelPropertiesKHR quality_props;
+
+    CodedBitstreamContext *cbs;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment current_access_unit;
+
+    H265RawAUD                         raw_aud;
+
+    SEIRawMasteringDisplayColourVolume sei_mastering_display;
+    SEIRawContentLightLevelInfo        sei_content_light_level;
+    SEIRawUserDataRegistered           sei_a53cc;
+    void                              *sei_a53cc_data;
+} VulkanEncodeH265Context;
+
+static int init_pic_rc(AVCodecContext *avctx, FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic,
+                       VkVideoEncodeRateControlInfoKHR *rc_info,
+                       VkVideoEncodeRateControlLayerInfoKHR *rc_layer)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext   *ctx = &enc->common;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture  *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+
+    hp->vkrc_info = (VkVideoEncodeH265RateControlInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_RATE_CONTROL_INFO_KHR,
+        .flags = VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_RATE_CONTROL_REFERENCE_PATTERN_FLAT_BIT_KHR |
+                 VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_RATE_CONTROL_REGULAR_GOP_BIT_KHR,
+        .idrPeriod = ctx->base.gop_size,
+        .gopFrameCount = ctx->base.gop_size,
+        .consecutiveBFrameCount = FFMAX(ctx->base.b_per_p - 1, 0),
+        .subLayerCount = 0,
+    };
+
+    rc_info->pNext = &hp->vkrc_info;
+    rc_info->virtualBufferSizeInMs = 1000;
+    rc_info->initialVirtualBufferSizeInMs = 500;
+
+    if (rc_info->rateControlMode > VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_RATE_CONTROL_MODE_DISABLED_BIT_KHR) {
+        hp->vkrc_layer_info = (VkVideoEncodeH265RateControlLayerInfoKHR) {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_RATE_CONTROL_LAYER_INFO_KHR,
+
+            .useMinQp  = avctx->qmin > 0,
+            .minQp.qpI = avctx->qmin > 0 ? avctx->qmin : 0,
+            .minQp.qpP = avctx->qmin > 0 ? avctx->qmin : 0,
+            .minQp.qpB = avctx->qmin > 0 ? avctx->qmin : 0,
+
+            .useMaxQp  = avctx->qmax > 0,
+            .maxQp.qpI = avctx->qmax > 0 ? avctx->qmax : 0,
+            .maxQp.qpP = avctx->qmax > 0 ? avctx->qmax : 0,
+            .maxQp.qpB = avctx->qmax > 0 ? avctx->qmax : 0,
+
+            .useMaxFrameSize = 0,
+        };
+        rc_layer->pNext = &hp->vkrc_layer_info;
+        hp->vkrc_info.subLayerCount = 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vk_enc_h265_update_pic_info(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                       FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context   *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture    *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+    FFHWBaseEncodePicture    *prev = pic->prev;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture *hprev = prev ? prev->codec_priv : NULL;
+
+    if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR) {
+        av_assert0(pic->display_order == pic->encode_order);
+
+        hp->last_idr_frame = pic->display_order;
+
+        hp->slice_type     = STD_VIDEO_H265_SLICE_TYPE_I;
+        hp->pic_type       = STD_VIDEO_H265_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR;
+    } else {
+        av_assert0(prev);
+        hp->last_idr_frame = hprev->last_idr_frame;
+
+        if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I) {
+            hp->slice_type     = STD_VIDEO_H265_SLICE_TYPE_I;
+            hp->pic_type       = STD_VIDEO_H265_PICTURE_TYPE_I;
+        } else if (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P) {
+            av_assert0(pic->refs[0]);
+            hp->slice_type     = STD_VIDEO_H265_SLICE_TYPE_P;
+            hp->pic_type       = STD_VIDEO_H265_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
+        } else {
+            FFHWBaseEncodePicture *irap_ref;
+            av_assert0(pic->refs[0][0] && pic->refs[1][0]);
+            for (irap_ref = pic; irap_ref; irap_ref = irap_ref->refs[1][0]) {
+                if (irap_ref->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I)
+                    break;
+            }
+            hp->slice_type = STD_VIDEO_H265_SLICE_TYPE_B;
+            hp->pic_type   = STD_VIDEO_H265_PICTURE_TYPE_B;
+        }
+    }
+    hp->pic_order_cnt = pic->display_order - hp->last_idr_frame;
+
+    hp->units_needed = 0;
+
+    if (enc->unit_elems & UNIT_AUD) {
+        hp->units_needed |= UNIT_AUD;
+        enc->raw_aud = (H265RawAUD) {
+            .nal_unit_header = {
+                .nal_unit_type         = HEVC_NAL_AUD,
+                .nuh_layer_id          = 0,
+                .nuh_temporal_id_plus1 = 1,
+            },
+            .pic_type = hp->pic_type,
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Only look for the metadata on I/IDR frame on the output. We
+    // may force an IDR frame on the output where the medadata gets
+    // changed on the input frame.
+    if ((enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_MASTERING_DISPLAY) &&
+        (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I || pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR)) {
+        AVFrameSideData *sd =
+            av_frame_get_side_data(pic->input_image,
+                                   AV_FRAME_DATA_MASTERING_DISPLAY_METADATA);
+
+        if (sd) {
+            AVMasteringDisplayMetadata *mdm = (AVMasteringDisplayMetadata *)sd->data;
+
+            // SEI is needed when both the primaries and luminance are set
+            if (mdm->has_primaries && mdm->has_luminance) {
+                SEIRawMasteringDisplayColourVolume *mdcv =
+                    &enc->sei_mastering_display;
+                const int mapping[3] = {1, 2, 0};
+                const int chroma_den = 50000;
+                const int luma_den   = 10000;
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+                    const int j = mapping[i];
+                    mdcv->display_primaries_x[i] =
+                        FFMIN(lrint(chroma_den *
+                                    av_q2d(mdm->display_primaries[j][0])),
+                              chroma_den);
+                    mdcv->display_primaries_y[i] =
+                        FFMIN(lrint(chroma_den *
+                                    av_q2d(mdm->display_primaries[j][1])),
+                              chroma_den);
+                }
+
+                mdcv->white_point_x =
+                    FFMIN(lrint(chroma_den * av_q2d(mdm->white_point[0])),
+                          chroma_den);
+                mdcv->white_point_y =
+                    FFMIN(lrint(chroma_den * av_q2d(mdm->white_point[1])),
+                          chroma_den);
+
+                mdcv->max_display_mastering_luminance =
+                    lrint(luma_den * av_q2d(mdm->max_luminance));
+                mdcv->min_display_mastering_luminance =
+                    FFMIN(lrint(luma_den * av_q2d(mdm->min_luminance)),
+                          mdcv->max_display_mastering_luminance);
+
+                hp->units_needed |= UNIT_SEI_MASTERING_DISPLAY;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ((enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL) &&
+        (pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_I || pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR)) {
+        AVFrameSideData *sd = av_frame_get_side_data(pic->input_image,
+                                                     AV_FRAME_DATA_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL);
+
+        if (sd) {
+            AVContentLightMetadata *clm = (AVContentLightMetadata *)sd->data;
+            SEIRawContentLightLevelInfo *clli = &enc->sei_content_light_level;
+
+            clli->max_content_light_level     = FFMIN(clm->MaxCLL,  65535);
+            clli->max_pic_average_light_level = FFMIN(clm->MaxFALL, 65535);
+
+            hp->units_needed |= UNIT_SEI_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (enc->unit_elems & UNIT_SEI_A53_CC) {
+        int err;
+        size_t sei_a53cc_len;
+        av_freep(&enc->sei_a53cc_data);
+        err = ff_alloc_a53_sei(pic->input_image, 0, &enc->sei_a53cc_data, &sei_a53cc_len);
+        if (err < 0)
+            return err;
+        if (enc->sei_a53cc_data != NULL) {
+            enc->sei_a53cc.itu_t_t35_country_code = 181;
+            enc->sei_a53cc.data = (uint8_t *)enc->sei_a53cc_data + 1;
+            enc->sei_a53cc.data_length = sei_a53cc_len - 1;
+
+            hp->units_needed |= UNIT_SEI_A53_CC;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void setup_slices(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                         FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+
+    hp->slice_wt = (StdVideoEncodeH265WeightTable) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH265WeightTableFlags) {
+            .luma_weight_l0_flag = 0,
+            .chroma_weight_l0_flag = 0,
+            .luma_weight_l1_flag = 0,
+            .chroma_weight_l1_flag = 0,
+        },
+        .luma_log2_weight_denom = 0,
+        .delta_chroma_log2_weight_denom = 0,
+        .delta_luma_weight_l0 = { 0 },
+        .luma_offset_l0 = { 0 },
+        .delta_chroma_weight_l0 = { { 0 } },
+        .delta_chroma_offset_l0 = { { 0 } },
+        .delta_luma_weight_l1 = { 0 },
+        .luma_offset_l1 = { 0 },
+        .delta_chroma_weight_l1 = { { 0 } },
+        .delta_chroma_offset_l1 = { { 0 } },
+    };
+
+    hp->slice_hdr = (StdVideoEncodeH265SliceSegmentHeader) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH265SliceSegmentHeaderFlags) {
+            .first_slice_segment_in_pic_flag = 1,
+            .dependent_slice_segment_flag = 0,
+            .slice_sao_luma_flag = enc->units.raw_sps.sample_adaptive_offset_enabled_flag,
+            .slice_sao_chroma_flag = enc->units.raw_sps.sample_adaptive_offset_enabled_flag,
+            .num_ref_idx_active_override_flag = 0,
+            .mvd_l1_zero_flag = 0,
+            .cabac_init_flag = 0,
+            .cu_chroma_qp_offset_enabled_flag = 0,
+            .deblocking_filter_override_flag = 0,
+            .slice_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag = 0,
+            .collocated_from_l0_flag = 1,
+            .slice_loop_filter_across_slices_enabled_flag = 0,
+            /* Reserved */
+        },
+        .slice_type = hp->slice_type,
+        .slice_segment_address = 0,
+        .collocated_ref_idx = 0,
+        .MaxNumMergeCand = 5,
+        .slice_cb_qp_offset = 0,
+        .slice_cr_qp_offset = 0,
+        .slice_beta_offset_div2 = 0,
+        .slice_tc_offset_div2 = 0,
+        .slice_act_y_qp_offset = 0,
+        .slice_act_cb_qp_offset = 0,
+        .slice_act_cr_qp_offset = 0,
+        .slice_qp_delta = 0, /* Filled in below */
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pWeightTable = NULL, // &hp->slice_wt,
+    };
+
+    hp->vkslice = (VkVideoEncodeH265NaluSliceSegmentInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_NALU_SLICE_SEGMENT_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = NULL,
+        .constantQp = pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_B ? enc->fixed_qp_b :
+                      pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_P ? enc->fixed_qp_p :
+                                                          enc->fixed_qp_idr,
+        .pStdSliceSegmentHeader = &hp->slice_hdr,
+    };
+
+    if (enc->common.opts.rc_mode != VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_RATE_CONTROL_MODE_DISABLED_BIT_KHR)
+        hp->vkslice.constantQp = 0;
+
+    hp->slice_hdr.slice_qp_delta = hp->vkslice.constantQp -
+                                   (enc->units.raw_pps.init_qp_minus26 + 26);
+
+    hp->vkh265pic_info.pNaluSliceSegmentEntries = &hp->vkslice;
+    hp->vkh265pic_info.naluSliceSegmentEntryCount = 1;
+}
+
+static void setup_refs(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                       FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic,
+                       VkVideoEncodeInfoKHR *encode_info)
+{
+    int i, j;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+
+    hp->ref_list_info = (StdVideoEncodeH265ReferenceListsInfo) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH265ReferenceListsInfoFlags) {
+            .ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 = 0,
+            .ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 = 0,
+            /* Reserved */
+        },
+        /* May be overridden during setup_slices() */
+        .num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 = pic->nb_refs[0] - 1,
+        .num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 = pic->nb_refs[1] - 1,
+        /* Reserved */
+        .list_entry_l0 = { 0 },
+        .list_entry_l1 = { 0 },
+    };
+
+    for (i = 0; i < STD_VIDEO_H265_MAX_NUM_LIST_REF; i++)
+        hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList0[i] = hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList1[i] = -1;
+
+    /* Note: really not sure */
+    for (i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[0]; i++) {
+        VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *slot_info;
+        slot_info = (VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *)&encode_info->pReferenceSlots[i];
+        hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList0[i] = slot_info->slotIndex;
+    }
+
+    /* Note: really not sure */
+    for (i = 0; i < pic->nb_refs[1]; i++) {
+        VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *slot_info;
+        slot_info = (VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *)&encode_info->pReferenceSlots[pic->nb_refs[0] + i];
+        hp->ref_list_info.RefPicList1[i] = slot_info->slotIndex;
+    }
+
+    hp->h265pic_info.pRefLists = &hp->ref_list_info;
+
+    if (pic->type != FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR) {
+        StdVideoH265ShortTermRefPicSet *rps;
+        VulkanEncodeH265Picture *strp;
+        int rps_poc[MAX_DPB_SIZE];
+        int rps_used[MAX_DPB_SIZE];
+        int poc, rps_pics;
+
+        hp->h265pic_info.flags.short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag = 0;
+
+        rps = &hp->s_rps;
+        memset(rps, 0, sizeof(*rps));
+
+        rps_pics = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < MAX_REFERENCE_LIST_NUM; i++) {
+            for (j = 0; j < pic->nb_refs[i]; j++) {
+                strp = pic->refs[i][j]->codec_priv;
+                rps_poc[rps_pics]  = strp->pic_order_cnt;
+                rps_used[rps_pics] = 1;
+                ++rps_pics;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < pic->nb_dpb_pics; i++) {
+            if (pic->dpb[i] == pic)
+                continue;
+
+            for (j = 0; j < pic->nb_refs[0]; j++) {
+                if (pic->dpb[i] == pic->refs[0][j])
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (j < pic->nb_refs[0])
+                continue;
+
+            for (j = 0; j < pic->nb_refs[1]; j++) {
+                if (pic->dpb[i] == pic->refs[1][j])
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (j < pic->nb_refs[1])
+                continue;
+
+            strp = pic->dpb[i]->codec_priv;
+            rps_poc[rps_pics]  = strp->pic_order_cnt;
+            rps_used[rps_pics] = 0;
+            ++rps_pics;
+        }
+
+        for (i = 1; i < rps_pics; i++) {
+            for (j = i; j > 0; j--) {
+                if (rps_poc[j] > rps_poc[j - 1])
+                    break;
+                av_assert0(rps_poc[j] != rps_poc[j - 1]);
+                FFSWAP(int, rps_poc[j],  rps_poc[j - 1]);
+                FFSWAP(int, rps_used[j], rps_used[j - 1]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "RPS for POC %d:", hp->pic_order_cnt);
+        for (i = 0; i < rps_pics; i++)
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, " (%d,%d)", rps_poc[i], rps_used[i]);
+
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "\n");
+
+        for (i = 0; i < rps_pics; i++) {
+            av_assert0(rps_poc[i] != hp->pic_order_cnt);
+            if (rps_poc[i] > hp->pic_order_cnt)
+                break;
+        }
+
+        rps->num_negative_pics = i;
+        rps->used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag = 0x0;
+        poc = hp->pic_order_cnt;
+        for (j = i - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+            rps->delta_poc_s0_minus1[i - 1 - j] = poc - rps_poc[j] - 1;
+            rps->used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag |= rps_used[j] << (i - 1 - j);
+            poc = rps_poc[j];
+        }
+
+        rps->num_positive_pics = rps_pics - i;
+        rps->used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag = 0x0;
+        poc = hp->pic_order_cnt;
+        for (j = i; j < rps_pics; j++) {
+            rps->delta_poc_s1_minus1[j - i] = rps_poc[j] - poc - 1;
+            rps->used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag |= rps_used[j] << (j - i);
+            poc = rps_poc[j];
+        }
+
+        hp->l_rps.num_long_term_sps  = 0;
+        hp->l_rps.num_long_term_pics = 0;
+
+        // when this flag is not present, it is inerred to 1.
+        hp->slice_hdr.flags.collocated_from_l0_flag = 1;
+        hp->h265pic_info.flags.slice_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag =
+            enc->units.raw_sps.sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag;
+        if (hp->h265pic_info.flags.slice_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag) {
+            if (hp->slice_hdr.slice_type == STD_VIDEO_H265_SLICE_TYPE_B)
+                hp->slice_hdr.flags.collocated_from_l0_flag = 1;
+            hp->slice_hdr.collocated_ref_idx = 0;
+        }
+
+        hp->slice_hdr.flags.num_ref_idx_active_override_flag = 0;
+        hp->ref_list_info.num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 = enc->units.raw_pps.num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1;
+        hp->ref_list_info.num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 = enc->units.raw_pps.num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1;
+    }
+
+    hp->h265pic_info.pShortTermRefPicSet = &hp->s_rps;
+    hp->h265pic_info.pLongTermRefPics = &hp->l_rps;
+}
+
+static int init_pic_params(AVCodecContext *avctx, FFHWBaseEncodePicture *pic,
+                           VkVideoEncodeInfoKHR *encode_info)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodePicture *vp = pic->priv;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture *hp = pic->codec_priv;
+    VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *ref_slot;
+
+    err = vk_enc_h265_update_pic_info(avctx, pic);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    hp->vkh265pic_info = (VkVideoEncodeH265PictureInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_PICTURE_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = NULL,
+        .pNaluSliceSegmentEntries = NULL, // Filled in during setup_slices()
+        .naluSliceSegmentEntryCount = 0, // Filled in during setup_slices()
+        .pStdPictureInfo = &hp->h265pic_info,
+    };
+
+    hp->h265pic_info = (StdVideoEncodeH265PictureInfo) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH265PictureInfoFlags) {
+            .is_reference = pic->is_reference,
+            .IrapPicFlag = pic->type == FF_HW_PICTURE_TYPE_IDR,
+            .used_for_long_term_reference = 0,
+            .discardable_flag = 0,
+            .cross_layer_bla_flag = 0,
+            .pic_output_flag = 1,
+            .no_output_of_prior_pics_flag = 0,
+            .short_term_ref_pic_set_sps_flag = 0,
+            .slice_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag = enc->units.raw_sps.sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag,
+            /* Reserved */
+        },
+        .pic_type = hp->pic_type,
+        .sps_video_parameter_set_id = 0,
+        .pps_seq_parameter_set_id = 0,
+        .pps_pic_parameter_set_id = 0,
+        .short_term_ref_pic_set_idx = 0,
+        .PicOrderCntVal = hp->pic_order_cnt,
+        .TemporalId = 0,
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pRefLists = NULL, // Filled in during setup_refs
+        .pShortTermRefPicSet = NULL,
+        .pLongTermRefPics = NULL,
+    };
+    encode_info->pNext = &hp->vkh265pic_info;
+
+    hp->h265dpb_info = (StdVideoEncodeH265ReferenceInfo) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoEncodeH265ReferenceInfoFlags) {
+            .used_for_long_term_reference = 0,
+            .unused_for_reference = 0,
+            /* Reserved */
+        },
+        .pic_type = hp->h265pic_info.pic_type,
+        .PicOrderCntVal = hp->h265pic_info.PicOrderCntVal,
+        .TemporalId = hp->h265pic_info.TemporalId,
+    };
+    hp->vkh265dpb_info = (VkVideoEncodeH265DpbSlotInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_DPB_SLOT_INFO_KHR,
+        .pStdReferenceInfo = &hp->h265dpb_info,
+    };
+
+    vp->dpb_slot.pNext = &hp->vkh265dpb_info;
+
+    ref_slot = (VkVideoReferenceSlotInfoKHR *)encode_info->pSetupReferenceSlot;
+    ref_slot->pNext = &hp->vkh265dpb_info;
+
+    setup_refs(avctx, pic, encode_info);
+
+    setup_slices(avctx, pic);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int init_profile(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                        VkVideoProfileInfoKHR *profile, void *pnext)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFVulkanContext *s = &ctx->s;
+    FFVulkanFunctions *vk = &ctx->s.vkfn;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265CapabilitiesKHR h265_caps = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+    };
+    VkVideoEncodeCapabilitiesKHR enc_caps = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h265_caps,
+    };
+    VkVideoCapabilitiesKHR caps = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+        .pNext = &enc_caps,
+    };
+
+    /* In order of preference */
+    int last_supported = AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN;
+    static const int known_profiles[] = {
+        AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN,
+        AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN_10,
+        AV_PROFILE_HEVC_REXT,
+    };
+    int nb_profiles = FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(known_profiles);
+
+    const AVPixFmtDescriptor *desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(s->frames->sw_format);
+    if (!desc)
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    if (s->frames->sw_format == AV_PIX_FMT_NV12)
+        nb_profiles = 1;
+    else if (s->frames->sw_format == AV_PIX_FMT_P010)
+        nb_profiles = 2;
+
+    enc->profile = (VkVideoEncodeH265ProfileInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_PROFILE_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = pnext,
+        .stdProfileIdc = ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(avctx->profile),
+    };
+    profile->pNext = &enc->profile;
+
+    /* Set level */
+    if (avctx->level == AV_LEVEL_UNKNOWN)
+        avctx->level = enc->common.opts.level;
+
+    /* User has explicitly specified a profile. */
+    if (avctx->profile != AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN)
+        return 0;
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Supported profiles:\n");
+    for (int i = 0; i < nb_profiles; i++) {
+        enc->profile.stdProfileIdc = ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(known_profiles[i]);
+        ret = vk->GetPhysicalDeviceVideoCapabilitiesKHR(s->hwctx->phys_dev,
+                                                        profile,
+                                                        &caps);
+        if (ret == VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "    %s\n",
+                   avcodec_profile_name(avctx->codec_id, known_profiles[i]));
+            last_supported = known_profiles[i];
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (last_supported == AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "No supported profiles for given format\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOTSUP);
+    }
+
+    enc->profile.stdProfileIdc = ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(last_supported);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using profile %s\n",
+           avcodec_profile_name(avctx->codec_id, last_supported));
+    avctx->profile = last_supported;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int init_enc_options(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    if (avctx->rc_buffer_size)
+        enc->hrd_buffer_size = avctx->rc_buffer_size;
+    else if (avctx->rc_max_rate > 0)
+        enc->hrd_buffer_size = avctx->rc_max_rate;
+    else
+        enc->hrd_buffer_size = avctx->bit_rate;
+
+    if (avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy) {
+        if (avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy > enc->hrd_buffer_size) {
+            av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid RC buffer settings: "
+                                        "must have initial buffer size (%d) <= "
+                                        "buffer size (%"PRId64").\n",
+                   avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy, enc->hrd_buffer_size);
+            return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+        }
+        enc->initial_buffer_fullness = avctx->rc_initial_buffer_occupancy;
+    } else {
+        enc->initial_buffer_fullness = enc->hrd_buffer_size * 3 / 4;
+    }
+
+    if (enc->common.opts.rc_mode == VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_RATE_CONTROL_MODE_DISABLED_BIT_KHR) {
+        enc->fixed_qp_p = av_clip(enc->common.opts.qp,
+                                  enc->caps.minQp, enc->caps.maxQp);
+
+        if (avctx->i_quant_factor > 0.0)
+            enc->fixed_qp_idr = av_clip((avctx->i_quant_factor * enc->fixed_qp_p +
+                                         avctx->i_quant_offset) + 0.5,
+                                        enc->caps.minQp, enc->caps.maxQp);
+        else
+            enc->fixed_qp_idr = enc->fixed_qp_p;
+
+        if (avctx->b_quant_factor > 0.0)
+            enc->fixed_qp_b = av_clip((avctx->b_quant_factor * enc->fixed_qp_p +
+                                       avctx->b_quant_offset) + 0.5,
+                                      enc->caps.minQp, enc->caps.maxQp);
+        else
+            enc->fixed_qp_b = enc->fixed_qp_p;
+
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Using fixed QP = "
+               "%d / %d / %d for IDR- / P- / B-frames.\n",
+               enc->fixed_qp_idr, enc->fixed_qp_p, enc->fixed_qp_b);
+    } else {
+        enc->fixed_qp_idr = 26;
+        enc->fixed_qp_p = 26;
+        enc->fixed_qp_b = 26;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static av_cold int init_sequence_headers(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeContext *base_ctx = &ctx->base;
+
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH265 *units = &enc->units;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeH265Opts *unit_opts = &enc->unit_opts;
+
+    int max_ctb_size;
+    unsigned min_tb_size;
+    unsigned max_tb_size;
+    unsigned max_transform_hierarchy;
+
+    unit_opts->tier = enc->common.opts.tier;
+    unit_opts->fixed_qp_idr = enc->fixed_qp_idr;
+    unit_opts->cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag = enc->common.opts.rc_mode != VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_RATE_CONTROL_MODE_DISABLED_BIT_KHR;
+
+    unit_opts->nb_slices = 1;
+
+    unit_opts->slice_block_rows = (avctx->height + base_ctx->slice_block_height - 1) /
+                                  base_ctx->slice_block_height;
+    unit_opts->slice_block_cols = (avctx->width  + base_ctx->slice_block_width  - 1) /
+                                  base_ctx->slice_block_width;
+
+    /* cabac already set via an option */
+    /* fixed_qp_idr initialized in init_enc_options() */
+    /* hrd_buffer_size initialized in init_enc_options() */
+    /* initial_buffer_fullness initialized in init_enc_options() */
+
+    err = ff_hw_base_encode_init_params_h265(&enc->common.base, avctx,
+                                             units, unit_opts);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    units->raw_sps.sample_adaptive_offset_enabled_flag =
+      !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_SAMPLE_ADAPTIVE_OFFSET_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR);
+    units->raw_pps.transform_skip_enabled_flag =
+      !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_TRANSFORM_SKIP_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR);
+
+    max_ctb_size = 16;
+
+    /* coding blocks from 8x8 to max CTB size. */
+    if (enc->caps.ctbSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_CTB_SIZE_64_BIT_KHR)
+        max_ctb_size = 64;
+    else if (enc->caps.ctbSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_CTB_SIZE_32_BIT_KHR)
+        max_ctb_size = 32;
+
+    min_tb_size = 0;
+    max_tb_size = 0;
+    if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_4_BIT_KHR)
+        min_tb_size = 4;
+    else if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_8_BIT_KHR)
+        min_tb_size = 8;
+    else if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_16_BIT_KHR)
+        min_tb_size = 16;
+    else if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_32_BIT_KHR)
+        min_tb_size = 32;
+
+    if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_32_BIT_KHR)
+        max_tb_size = 32;
+    else if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_16_BIT_KHR)
+        max_tb_size = 16;
+    else if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_8_BIT_KHR)
+        max_tb_size = 8;
+    else if (enc->caps.transformBlockSizes & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_TRANSFORM_BLOCK_SIZE_4_BIT_KHR)
+        max_tb_size = 4;
+
+    units->raw_sps.log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus3 = 0;
+    units->raw_sps.log2_diff_max_min_luma_coding_block_size = av_log2(max_ctb_size) - 3;
+    units->raw_sps.log2_min_luma_transform_block_size_minus2 = av_log2(min_tb_size) - 2;
+    units->raw_sps.log2_diff_max_min_luma_transform_block_size = av_log2(max_tb_size) - av_log2(min_tb_size);
+
+    max_transform_hierarchy = av_log2(max_ctb_size) - av_log2(min_tb_size);
+    units->raw_sps.max_transform_hierarchy_depth_intra = max_transform_hierarchy;
+    units->raw_sps.max_transform_hierarchy_depth_intra = max_transform_hierarchy;
+
+    units->raw_sps.vui.bitstream_restriction_flag = 0;
+    units->raw_sps.vui.max_bytes_per_pic_denom = 2;
+    units->raw_sps.vui.max_bits_per_min_cu_denom = 1;
+
+    units->raw_sps.sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag = 0;
+
+    if (base_ctx->gop_size & base_ctx->gop_size - 1 == 0)
+        units->raw_sps.log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 = FFMAX(av_log2(base_ctx->gop_size) - 4, 0);
+    else
+        units->raw_sps.log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 = FFMAX(av_log2(base_ctx->gop_size) - 3, 0);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct VulkanH265Units {
+    StdVideoH265SequenceParameterSet    sps;
+    StdVideoH265ShortTermRefPicSet      str[STD_VIDEO_H265_SUBLAYERS_LIST_SIZE];
+    StdVideoH265LongTermRefPicsSps      ltr;
+    StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevel        ptl_sps;
+    StdVideoH265DecPicBufMgr            dpbm_sps;
+
+    StdVideoH265HrdParameters           vui_header_sps;
+    StdVideoH265SequenceParameterSetVui vui_sps;
+
+    StdVideoH265SubLayerHrdParameters   slhdrnal[HEVC_MAX_SUB_LAYERS];
+    StdVideoH265SubLayerHrdParameters   slhdrvcl[HEVC_MAX_SUB_LAYERS];
+
+    StdVideoH265PictureParameterSet     pps;
+    StdVideoH265ScalingLists            pps_scaling;
+
+    StdVideoH265VideoParameterSet       vps;
+    StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevel        ptl_vps;
+    StdVideoH265DecPicBufMgr            dpbm_vps;
+    StdVideoH265HrdParameters           vui_header_vps;
+} VulkanH265Units;
+
+static av_cold int base_unit_to_vk(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                   VulkanH265Units *vk_units)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    H265RawSPS                           *sps = &enc->units.raw_sps;
+    StdVideoH265SequenceParameterSet   *vksps = &vk_units->sps;
+    StdVideoH265ShortTermRefPicSet       *str =  vk_units->str;
+    StdVideoH265LongTermRefPicsSps       *ltr = &vk_units->ltr;
+    StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevel         *ptl_sps = &vk_units->ptl_sps;
+    StdVideoH265DecPicBufMgr            *dpbm_sps = &vk_units->dpbm_sps;
+
+    StdVideoH265HrdParameters           *vui_header_sps = &vk_units->vui_header_sps;
+    StdVideoH265SequenceParameterSetVui *vui_sps = &vk_units->vui_sps;
+
+    StdVideoH265SubLayerHrdParameters *slhdrnal = vk_units->slhdrnal;
+    StdVideoH265SubLayerHrdParameters *slhdrvcl = vk_units->slhdrvcl;
+
+    H265RawPPS                          *pps = &enc->units.raw_pps;
+    StdVideoH265PictureParameterSet   *vkpps = &vk_units->pps;
+
+    H265RawVPS                           *vps = &enc->units.raw_vps;
+    StdVideoH265VideoParameterSet      *vkvps = &vk_units->vps;
+    StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevel     *ptl_vps = &vk_units->ptl_vps;
+    StdVideoH265DecPicBufMgr        *dpbm_vps = &vk_units->dpbm_vps;
+    StdVideoH265HrdParameters *vui_header_vps = &vk_units->vui_header_vps;
+
+    /* SPS */
+    for (int i = 0; i < HEVC_MAX_SUB_LAYERS; i++) {
+        memcpy(&slhdrnal[i], &sps->vui.hrd_parameters.nal_sub_layer_hrd_parameters[i], sizeof(*slhdrnal));
+        memcpy(&slhdrvcl[i], &sps->vui.hrd_parameters.vcl_sub_layer_hrd_parameters[i], sizeof(*slhdrvcl));
+        slhdrnal[i].cbr_flag = 0x0;
+        slhdrvcl[i].cbr_flag = 0x0;
+        for (int j = 0; j < HEVC_MAX_CPB_CNT; j++) {
+            slhdrnal[i].cbr_flag |= sps->vui.hrd_parameters.nal_sub_layer_hrd_parameters[i].cbr_flag[j] << i;
+            slhdrvcl[i].cbr_flag |= sps->vui.hrd_parameters.vcl_sub_layer_hrd_parameters[i].cbr_flag[j] << i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    *vui_header_sps = (StdVideoH265HrdParameters) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH265HrdFlags) {
+            .nal_hrd_parameters_present_flag = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.nal_hrd_parameters_present_flag,
+            .vcl_hrd_parameters_present_flag = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.vcl_hrd_parameters_present_flag,
+            .sub_pic_hrd_params_present_flag = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.sub_pic_hrd_params_present_flag,
+            .sub_pic_cpb_params_in_pic_timing_sei_flag = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.sub_pic_cpb_params_in_pic_timing_sei_flag,
+            .fixed_pic_rate_general_flag = 0x0,
+            .fixed_pic_rate_within_cvs_flag = 0x0,
+            .low_delay_hrd_flag = 0x0,
+        },
+        .tick_divisor_minus2 = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.tick_divisor_minus2,
+        .du_cpb_removal_delay_increment_length_minus1 = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.du_cpb_removal_delay_increment_length_minus1,
+        .dpb_output_delay_du_length_minus1 = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.dpb_output_delay_du_length_minus1,
+        .bit_rate_scale = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.bit_rate_scale,
+        .cpb_size_scale = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.cpb_size_scale,
+        .cpb_size_du_scale = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.cpb_size_du_scale,
+        .initial_cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1 = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.initial_cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1,
+        .au_cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1 = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.au_cpb_removal_delay_length_minus1,
+        .dpb_output_delay_length_minus1 = sps->vui.hrd_parameters.dpb_output_delay_length_minus1,
+        /* Reserved - 3*16 bits */
+        .pSubLayerHrdParametersNal = slhdrnal,
+        .pSubLayerHrdParametersVcl = slhdrvcl,
+    };
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < HEVC_MAX_SUB_LAYERS; i++) {
+        vui_header_sps->flags.fixed_pic_rate_general_flag |= sps->vui.hrd_parameters.fixed_pic_rate_general_flag[i] << i;
+        vui_header_sps->flags.fixed_pic_rate_within_cvs_flag |= sps->vui.hrd_parameters.fixed_pic_rate_within_cvs_flag[i] << i;
+        vui_header_sps->flags.low_delay_hrd_flag |= sps->vui.hrd_parameters.low_delay_hrd_flag[i] << i;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < STD_VIDEO_H265_SUBLAYERS_LIST_SIZE; i++) {
+        dpbm_sps->max_latency_increase_plus1[i] = sps->sps_max_latency_increase_plus1[i];
+        dpbm_sps->max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[i] = sps->sps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[i];
+        dpbm_sps->max_num_reorder_pics[i] = sps->sps_max_num_reorder_pics[i];
+    }
+
+    *ptl_sps = (StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevel) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevelFlags) {
+            .general_tier_flag = sps->profile_tier_level.general_tier_flag,
+            .general_progressive_source_flag = sps->profile_tier_level.general_progressive_source_flag,
+            .general_interlaced_source_flag = sps->profile_tier_level.general_interlaced_source_flag,
+            .general_non_packed_constraint_flag = sps->profile_tier_level.general_non_packed_constraint_flag,
+            .general_frame_only_constraint_flag = sps->profile_tier_level.general_frame_only_constraint_flag,
+        },
+        .general_profile_idc = ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(sps->profile_tier_level.general_profile_idc),
+        .general_level_idc = ff_vk_h265_level_to_vk(sps->profile_tier_level.general_level_idc),
+    };
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < STD_VIDEO_H265_MAX_SHORT_TERM_REF_PIC_SETS; i++) {
+        const H265RawSTRefPicSet *st_rps = &sps->st_ref_pic_set[i];
+
+        str[i] = (StdVideoH265ShortTermRefPicSet) {
+            .flags = (StdVideoH265ShortTermRefPicSetFlags) {
+                .inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag = st_rps->inter_ref_pic_set_prediction_flag,
+                .delta_rps_sign = st_rps->delta_rps_sign,
+            },
+            .delta_idx_minus1 = st_rps->delta_idx_minus1,
+            .use_delta_flag = 0x0,
+            .abs_delta_rps_minus1 = st_rps->abs_delta_rps_minus1,
+            .used_by_curr_pic_flag    = 0x0,
+            .used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag = 0x0,
+            .used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag = 0x0,
+            /* Reserved */
+            /* Reserved */
+            /* Reserved */
+            .num_negative_pics = st_rps->num_negative_pics,
+            .num_positive_pics = st_rps->num_positive_pics,
+        };
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < HEVC_MAX_REFS; j++) {
+            str[i].use_delta_flag |= st_rps->use_delta_flag[j] << i;
+            str[i].used_by_curr_pic_flag |= st_rps->used_by_curr_pic_flag[j] << i;
+            str[i].used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag |= st_rps->used_by_curr_pic_s0_flag[j] << i;
+            str[i].used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag |= st_rps->used_by_curr_pic_s1_flag[j] << i;
+            str[i].delta_poc_s0_minus1[j] = st_rps->delta_poc_s0_minus1[j];
+            str[i].delta_poc_s1_minus1[j] = st_rps->delta_poc_s1_minus1[j];
+        }
+    }
+
+    ltr->used_by_curr_pic_lt_sps_flag = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < STD_VIDEO_H265_MAX_LONG_TERM_REF_PICS_SPS; i++) {
+        ltr->used_by_curr_pic_lt_sps_flag |= sps->lt_ref_pic_poc_lsb_sps[i] << i;
+        ltr->lt_ref_pic_poc_lsb_sps[i] = sps->lt_ref_pic_poc_lsb_sps[i];
+    }
+
+    *vksps = (StdVideoH265SequenceParameterSet) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH265SpsFlags) {
+            .sps_temporal_id_nesting_flag = sps->sps_temporal_id_nesting_flag,
+            .separate_colour_plane_flag = sps->separate_colour_plane_flag,
+            .conformance_window_flag = sps->conformance_window_flag,
+            .sps_sub_layer_ordering_info_present_flag = sps->sps_sub_layer_ordering_info_present_flag,
+            .scaling_list_enabled_flag = sps->scaling_list_enabled_flag,
+            .sps_scaling_list_data_present_flag = sps->sps_scaling_list_data_present_flag,
+            .amp_enabled_flag = sps->amp_enabled_flag,
+            .sample_adaptive_offset_enabled_flag = sps->sample_adaptive_offset_enabled_flag,
+            .pcm_enabled_flag = sps->pcm_enabled_flag,
+            .pcm_loop_filter_disabled_flag = sps->pcm_loop_filter_disabled_flag,
+            .long_term_ref_pics_present_flag = sps->long_term_ref_pics_present_flag,
+            .sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag = sps->sps_temporal_mvp_enabled_flag,
+            .strong_intra_smoothing_enabled_flag = sps->strong_intra_smoothing_enabled_flag,
+            .vui_parameters_present_flag = sps->vui_parameters_present_flag,
+            .sps_extension_present_flag = sps->sps_extension_present_flag,
+            .sps_range_extension_flag = sps->sps_range_extension_flag,
+            .transform_skip_rotation_enabled_flag = sps->transform_skip_rotation_enabled_flag,
+            .transform_skip_context_enabled_flag = sps->transform_skip_context_enabled_flag,
+            .implicit_rdpcm_enabled_flag = sps->implicit_rdpcm_enabled_flag,
+            .explicit_rdpcm_enabled_flag = sps->explicit_rdpcm_enabled_flag,
+            .extended_precision_processing_flag = sps->extended_precision_processing_flag,
+            .intra_smoothing_disabled_flag = sps->intra_smoothing_disabled_flag,
+            .high_precision_offsets_enabled_flag = sps->high_precision_offsets_enabled_flag,
+            .persistent_rice_adaptation_enabled_flag = sps->persistent_rice_adaptation_enabled_flag,
+            .cabac_bypass_alignment_enabled_flag = sps->cabac_bypass_alignment_enabled_flag,
+            .sps_scc_extension_flag = sps->sps_scc_extension_flag,
+            .sps_curr_pic_ref_enabled_flag = sps->sps_curr_pic_ref_enabled_flag,
+            .palette_mode_enabled_flag = sps->palette_mode_enabled_flag,
+            .sps_palette_predictor_initializers_present_flag = sps->sps_palette_predictor_initializer_present_flag,
+            .intra_boundary_filtering_disabled_flag = sps->intra_boundary_filtering_disable_flag,
+        },
+        .chroma_format_idc = sps->chroma_format_idc,
+        .pic_width_in_luma_samples = sps->pic_width_in_luma_samples,
+        .pic_height_in_luma_samples = sps->pic_height_in_luma_samples,
+        .sps_video_parameter_set_id = sps->sps_video_parameter_set_id,
+        .sps_max_sub_layers_minus1 = sps->sps_max_sub_layers_minus1,
+        .sps_seq_parameter_set_id = sps->sps_seq_parameter_set_id,
+        .bit_depth_luma_minus8 = sps->bit_depth_luma_minus8,
+        .bit_depth_chroma_minus8 = sps->bit_depth_chroma_minus8,
+        .log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 = sps->log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4,
+        .log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus3 = sps->log2_min_luma_coding_block_size_minus3,
+        .log2_diff_max_min_luma_coding_block_size = sps->log2_diff_max_min_luma_coding_block_size,
+        .log2_min_luma_transform_block_size_minus2 = sps->log2_min_luma_transform_block_size_minus2,
+        .log2_diff_max_min_luma_transform_block_size = sps->log2_diff_max_min_luma_transform_block_size,
+        .max_transform_hierarchy_depth_inter = sps->max_transform_hierarchy_depth_inter,
+        .max_transform_hierarchy_depth_intra = sps->max_transform_hierarchy_depth_intra,
+        .num_short_term_ref_pic_sets = sps->num_short_term_ref_pic_sets,
+        .num_long_term_ref_pics_sps = sps->num_long_term_ref_pics_sps,
+        .pcm_sample_bit_depth_luma_minus1 = sps->pcm_sample_bit_depth_luma_minus1,
+        .pcm_sample_bit_depth_chroma_minus1 = sps->pcm_sample_bit_depth_chroma_minus1,
+        .log2_min_pcm_luma_coding_block_size_minus3 = sps->log2_min_pcm_luma_coding_block_size_minus3,
+        .log2_diff_max_min_pcm_luma_coding_block_size = sps->log2_diff_max_min_pcm_luma_coding_block_size,
+        /* Reserved */
+        /* Reserved */
+        .palette_max_size = sps->palette_max_size,
+        .delta_palette_max_predictor_size = sps->delta_palette_max_predictor_size,
+        .motion_vector_resolution_control_idc = sps->motion_vector_resolution_control_idc,
+        .sps_num_palette_predictor_initializers_minus1 = sps->sps_num_palette_predictor_initializer_minus1,
+        .conf_win_left_offset = sps->conf_win_left_offset,
+        .conf_win_right_offset = sps->conf_win_right_offset,
+        .conf_win_top_offset = sps->conf_win_top_offset,
+        .conf_win_bottom_offset = sps->conf_win_bottom_offset,
+        .pProfileTierLevel = ptl_sps,
+        .pDecPicBufMgr = dpbm_sps,
+        .pScalingLists = NULL,
+        .pShortTermRefPicSet = str,
+        .pLongTermRefPicsSps = ltr,
+        .pSequenceParameterSetVui = vui_sps,
+        .pPredictorPaletteEntries = NULL,
+    };
+
+    /* PPS */
+    *vkpps = (StdVideoH265PictureParameterSet) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH265PpsFlags) {
+            .dependent_slice_segments_enabled_flag = pps->dependent_slice_segments_enabled_flag,
+            .output_flag_present_flag = pps->output_flag_present_flag,
+            .sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag = pps->sign_data_hiding_enabled_flag,
+            .cabac_init_present_flag = pps->cabac_init_present_flag,
+            .constrained_intra_pred_flag = pps->constrained_intra_pred_flag,
+            .transform_skip_enabled_flag = pps->transform_skip_enabled_flag,
+            .cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag = pps->cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag,
+            .pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag = pps->pps_slice_chroma_qp_offsets_present_flag,
+            .weighted_pred_flag = pps->weighted_pred_flag,
+            .weighted_bipred_flag = pps->weighted_bipred_flag,
+            .transquant_bypass_enabled_flag = pps->transquant_bypass_enabled_flag,
+            .tiles_enabled_flag = pps->tiles_enabled_flag,
+            .entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag = pps->entropy_coding_sync_enabled_flag,
+            .uniform_spacing_flag = pps->uniform_spacing_flag,
+            .loop_filter_across_tiles_enabled_flag = pps->loop_filter_across_tiles_enabled_flag,
+            .pps_loop_filter_across_slices_enabled_flag = pps->pps_loop_filter_across_slices_enabled_flag,
+            .deblocking_filter_control_present_flag = pps->deblocking_filter_control_present_flag,
+            .deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag = pps->deblocking_filter_override_enabled_flag,
+            .pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag = pps->pps_deblocking_filter_disabled_flag,
+            .pps_scaling_list_data_present_flag = pps->pps_scaling_list_data_present_flag,
+            .lists_modification_present_flag = pps->lists_modification_present_flag,
+            .slice_segment_header_extension_present_flag = pps->slice_segment_header_extension_present_flag,
+            .pps_extension_present_flag = pps->pps_extension_present_flag,
+            .cross_component_prediction_enabled_flag = pps->cross_component_prediction_enabled_flag,
+            .chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag = pps->chroma_qp_offset_list_enabled_flag,
+            .pps_curr_pic_ref_enabled_flag = pps->pps_curr_pic_ref_enabled_flag,
+            .residual_adaptive_colour_transform_enabled_flag = pps->residual_adaptive_colour_transform_enabled_flag,
+            .pps_slice_act_qp_offsets_present_flag = pps->pps_slice_act_qp_offsets_present_flag,
+            .pps_palette_predictor_initializers_present_flag = pps->pps_palette_predictor_initializer_present_flag,
+            .monochrome_palette_flag = pps->monochrome_palette_flag,
+            .pps_range_extension_flag = pps->pps_range_extension_flag,
+        },
+        .pps_pic_parameter_set_id = pps->pps_pic_parameter_set_id,
+        .pps_seq_parameter_set_id = pps->pps_seq_parameter_set_id,
+        .sps_video_parameter_set_id = sps->sps_video_parameter_set_id,
+        .num_extra_slice_header_bits = pps->num_extra_slice_header_bits,
+        .num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1 = pps->num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1,
+        .num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1 = pps->num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1,
+        .init_qp_minus26 = pps->init_qp_minus26,
+        .diff_cu_qp_delta_depth = pps->diff_cu_qp_delta_depth,
+        .pps_cb_qp_offset = pps->pps_cb_qp_offset,
+        .pps_cr_qp_offset = pps->pps_cr_qp_offset,
+        .pps_beta_offset_div2 = pps->pps_beta_offset_div2,
+        .pps_tc_offset_div2 = pps->pps_tc_offset_div2,
+        .log2_parallel_merge_level_minus2 = pps->log2_parallel_merge_level_minus2,
+        .log2_max_transform_skip_block_size_minus2 = pps->log2_max_transform_skip_block_size_minus2,
+        .diff_cu_chroma_qp_offset_depth = pps->diff_cu_chroma_qp_offset_depth,
+        .chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1 = pps->chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1,
+        .log2_sao_offset_scale_luma = pps->log2_sao_offset_scale_luma,
+        .log2_sao_offset_scale_chroma = pps->log2_sao_offset_scale_chroma,
+        .pps_act_y_qp_offset_plus5 = pps->pps_act_y_qp_offset_plus5,
+        .pps_act_cb_qp_offset_plus5 = pps->pps_act_cb_qp_offset_plus5,
+        .pps_act_cr_qp_offset_plus3 = pps->pps_act_cr_qp_offset_plus3,
+        .pps_num_palette_predictor_initializers = pps->pps_num_palette_predictor_initializer,
+        .luma_bit_depth_entry_minus8 = pps->luma_bit_depth_entry_minus8,
+        .chroma_bit_depth_entry_minus8 = pps->chroma_bit_depth_entry_minus8,
+        .num_tile_columns_minus1 = pps->num_tile_columns_minus1,
+        .num_tile_rows_minus1 = pps->num_tile_rows_minus1,
+        .pScalingLists = NULL,
+        .pPredictorPaletteEntries = NULL,
+    };
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < pps->num_tile_columns_minus1; i++)
+        vkpps->column_width_minus1[i] = pps->column_width_minus1[i];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < pps->num_tile_rows_minus1; i++)
+        vkpps->row_height_minus1[i] = pps->row_height_minus1[i];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i <= pps->chroma_qp_offset_list_len_minus1; i++) {
+        vkpps->cb_qp_offset_list[i] = pps->cb_qp_offset_list[i];
+        vkpps->cr_qp_offset_list[i] = pps->cr_qp_offset_list[i];
+    }
+
+    /* VPS */
+    for (int i = 0; i < STD_VIDEO_H265_SUBLAYERS_LIST_SIZE; i++) {
+        dpbm_vps->max_latency_increase_plus1[i] = vps->vps_max_latency_increase_plus1[i];
+        dpbm_vps->max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[i] = vps->vps_max_dec_pic_buffering_minus1[i];
+        dpbm_vps->max_num_reorder_pics[i] = vps->vps_max_num_reorder_pics[i];
+    }
+
+    *ptl_vps = (StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevel) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH265ProfileTierLevelFlags) {
+            .general_tier_flag = vps->profile_tier_level.general_tier_flag,
+            .general_progressive_source_flag = vps->profile_tier_level.general_progressive_source_flag,
+            .general_interlaced_source_flag = vps->profile_tier_level.general_interlaced_source_flag,
+            .general_non_packed_constraint_flag = vps->profile_tier_level.general_non_packed_constraint_flag,
+            .general_frame_only_constraint_flag = vps->profile_tier_level.general_frame_only_constraint_flag,
+        },
+        .general_profile_idc = ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(vps->profile_tier_level.general_profile_idc),
+        .general_level_idc = ff_vk_h265_level_to_vk(vps->profile_tier_level.general_level_idc),
+    };
+
+    *vkvps = (StdVideoH265VideoParameterSet) {
+        .flags = (StdVideoH265VpsFlags) {
+            .vps_temporal_id_nesting_flag = vps->vps_temporal_id_nesting_flag,
+            .vps_sub_layer_ordering_info_present_flag = vps->vps_sub_layer_ordering_info_present_flag,
+            .vps_timing_info_present_flag = vps->vps_timing_info_present_flag,
+            .vps_poc_proportional_to_timing_flag = vps->vps_poc_proportional_to_timing_flag,
+        },
+        .vps_video_parameter_set_id = vps->vps_video_parameter_set_id,
+        .vps_max_sub_layers_minus1 = vps->vps_max_sub_layers_minus1,
+        /* Reserved */
+        /* Reserved */
+        .vps_num_units_in_tick = vps->vps_num_units_in_tick,
+        .vps_time_scale = vps->vps_time_scale,
+        .vps_num_ticks_poc_diff_one_minus1 = vps->vps_num_ticks_poc_diff_one_minus1,
+        /* Reserved */
+        .pDecPicBufMgr = dpbm_vps,
+        .pHrdParameters = vui_header_vps,
+        .pProfileTierLevel = ptl_vps,
+    };
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int create_session_params(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFVulkanContext *s = &ctx->s;
+    FFVulkanFunctions *vk = &ctx->s.vkfn;
+
+    VulkanH265Units vk_units = { 0 };
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersAddInfoKHR h265_params_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersCreateInfoKHR h265_params;
+    VkVideoSessionParametersCreateInfoKHR session_params_create;
+
+    /* Convert it to Vulkan */
+    err = base_unit_to_vk(avctx, &vk_units);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to convert SPS/PPS units to Vulkan: %s\n",
+               av_err2str(err));
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    /* Destroy the session params */
+    if (ctx->session_params)
+        vk->DestroyVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev,
+                                             ctx->session_params,
+                                             s->hwctx->alloc);
+
+    h265_params_info = (VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersAddInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_SESSION_PARAMETERS_ADD_INFO_KHR,
+        .pStdSPSs = &vk_units.sps,
+        .stdSPSCount = 1,
+        .pStdPPSs = &vk_units.pps,
+        .stdPPSCount = 1,
+        .pStdVPSs = &vk_units.vps,
+        .stdVPSCount = 1,
+    };
+    h265_params = (VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersCreateInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_SESSION_PARAMETERS_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+        .maxStdSPSCount = 1,
+        .maxStdPPSCount = 1,
+        .maxStdVPSCount = 1,
+        .pParametersAddInfo = &h265_params_info,
+    };
+    session_params_create = (VkVideoSessionParametersCreateInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_SESSION_PARAMETERS_CREATE_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h265_params,
+        .videoSession = ctx->common.session,
+        .videoSessionParametersTemplate = NULL,
+    };
+
+    /* Create session parameters */
+    ret = vk->CreateVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev, &session_params_create,
+                                              s->hwctx->alloc, &ctx->session_params);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to create Vulkan video session parameters: %s!\n",
+               ff_vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_feedback_units(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                const uint8_t *data, size_t size,
+                                int sps_override, int pps_override)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    CodedBitstreamContext *cbs;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment au = { 0 };
+
+    err = ff_cbs_init(&cbs, AV_CODEC_ID_HEVC, avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    err = ff_cbs_read(cbs, &au, data, size);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to parse feedback units, bad drivers: %s\n",
+               av_err2str(err));
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    if (sps_override) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < au.nb_units; i++) {
+            if (au.units[i].type == HEVC_NAL_SPS) {
+                H265RawSPS *sps = au.units[i].content;
+                enc->units.raw_sps.pic_width_in_luma_samples = sps->pic_width_in_luma_samples;
+                enc->units.raw_sps.pic_height_in_luma_samples = sps->pic_height_in_luma_samples;
+                enc->units.raw_sps.log2_diff_max_min_luma_coding_block_size = sps->log2_diff_max_min_luma_coding_block_size;
+                enc->units.raw_sps.max_transform_hierarchy_depth_inter = sps->max_transform_hierarchy_depth_inter;
+                enc->units.raw_sps.max_transform_hierarchy_depth_intra = sps->max_transform_hierarchy_depth_intra;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* If PPS has an override, just copy it entirely. */
+    if (pps_override) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < au.nb_units; i++) {
+            if (au.units[i].type == HEVC_NAL_PPS) {
+                H265RawPPS *pps = au.units[i].content;
+                memcpy(&enc->units.raw_pps, pps, sizeof(*pps));
+                enc->fixed_qp_idr = pps->init_qp_minus26 + 26;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    ff_cbs_fragment_free(&au);
+    ff_cbs_close(&cbs);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int init_base_units(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFVulkanContext *s = &ctx->s;
+    FFVulkanFunctions *vk = &ctx->s.vkfn;
+
+    VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersGetInfoKHR h265_params_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersGetInfoKHR params_info;
+    VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR h265_params_feedback;
+    VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR params_feedback;
+
+    void *data = NULL;
+    size_t data_size = 0;
+
+    /* Generate SPS/PPS unit info */
+    err = init_sequence_headers(avctx);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to initialize SPS/PPS units: %s\n",
+               av_err2str(err));
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    /* Create session parameters from them */
+    err = create_session_params(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    h265_params_info = (VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersGetInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_SESSION_PARAMETERS_GET_INFO_KHR,
+        .writeStdSPS = 1,
+        .writeStdPPS = 1,
+        .writeStdVPS = 1,
+        .stdSPSId = enc->units.raw_sps.sps_seq_parameter_set_id,
+        .stdPPSId = enc->units.raw_pps.pps_pic_parameter_set_id,
+        .stdVPSId = enc->units.raw_vps.vps_video_parameter_set_id,
+    };
+    params_info = (VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersGetInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_SESSION_PARAMETERS_GET_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h265_params_info,
+        .videoSessionParameters = ctx->session_params,
+    };
+
+    h265_params_feedback = (VkVideoEncodeH265SessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_SESSION_PARAMETERS_FEEDBACK_INFO_KHR,
+    };
+    params_feedback = (VkVideoEncodeSessionParametersFeedbackInfoKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_SESSION_PARAMETERS_FEEDBACK_INFO_KHR,
+        .pNext = &h265_params_feedback,
+    };
+
+    ret = vk->GetEncodedVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev, &params_info,
+                                                  &params_feedback,
+                                                  &data_size, data);
+    if (ret == VK_INCOMPLETE ||
+        (ret == VK_SUCCESS) && (data_size > 0)) {
+        data = av_mallocz(data_size);
+        if (!data)
+            return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    } else {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to get feedback for H.265 units = %lu\n", data_size);
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    ret = vk->GetEncodedVideoSessionParametersKHR(s->hwctx->act_dev, &params_info,
+                                                  &params_feedback,
+                                                  &data_size, data);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Error writing feedback units\n");
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Feedback units written, overrides: %i (SPS: %i PPS: %i VPS: %i)\n",
+           params_feedback.hasOverrides,
+           h265_params_feedback.hasStdSPSOverrides,
+           h265_params_feedback.hasStdPPSOverrides,
+           h265_params_feedback.hasStdVPSOverrides);
+
+    params_feedback.hasOverrides = 1;
+    h265_params_feedback.hasStdSPSOverrides = 1;
+    h265_params_feedback.hasStdPPSOverrides = 1;
+
+    /* No need to sync any overrides */
+    if (!params_feedback.hasOverrides)
+        return 0;
+
+    /* Parse back tne units and override */
+    err = parse_feedback_units(avctx, data, data_size,
+                               h265_params_feedback.hasStdSPSOverrides,
+                               h265_params_feedback.hasStdPPSOverrides);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Create final session parameters */
+    err = create_session_params(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_encode_h265_add_nal(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                      CodedBitstreamFragment *au,
+                                      void *nal_unit)
+{
+    H265RawNALUnitHeader *header = nal_unit;
+
+    int err = ff_cbs_insert_unit_content(au, -1,
+                                         header->nal_unit_type, nal_unit, NULL);
+    if (err < 0)
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to add NAL unit: "
+               "type = %d.\n", header->nal_unit_type);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int write_access_unit(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                             uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len,
+                             CodedBitstreamFragment *au)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    int err = ff_cbs_write_fragment_data(enc->cbs, au);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to write packed header.\n");
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    if (*data_len < au->data_size) {
+        av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Access unit too large: %zu < %zu.\n",
+               *data_len, au->data_size);
+        return AVERROR(ENOSPC);
+    }
+
+    memcpy(data, au->data, au->data_size);
+    *data_len = au->data_size;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int write_sequence_headers(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                                  FFHWBaseEncodePicture *base_pic,
+                                  uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture  *hp = base_pic ? base_pic->codec_priv : NULL;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment   *au = &enc->current_access_unit;
+
+    if (hp && hp->units_needed & UNIT_AUD) {
+        err = vulkan_encode_h265_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->raw_aud);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+        hp->units_needed &= ~UNIT_AUD;
+    }
+
+    err = vulkan_encode_h265_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->units.raw_vps);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = vulkan_encode_h265_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->units.raw_sps);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = vulkan_encode_h265_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->units.raw_pps);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = write_access_unit(avctx, data, data_len, au);
+fail:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(au);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int write_extra_headers(AVCodecContext *avctx,
+                               FFHWBaseEncodePicture *base_pic,
+                               uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Picture  *hp = base_pic->codec_priv;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment   *au = &enc->current_access_unit;
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_AUD) {
+        err = vulkan_encode_h265_add_nal(avctx, au, &enc->raw_aud);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_SEI_MASTERING_DISPLAY) {
+        err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                     SEI_TYPE_MASTERING_DISPLAY_COLOUR_VOLUME,
+                                     &enc->sei_mastering_display, NULL);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_SEI_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL) {
+        err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                     SEI_TYPE_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL_INFO,
+                                     &enc->sei_content_light_level, NULL);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+    if (hp->units_needed & UNIT_SEI_A53_CC) {
+        err = ff_cbs_sei_add_message(enc->cbs, au, 1,
+                                     SEI_TYPE_USER_DATA_REGISTERED_ITU_T_T35,
+                                     &enc->sei_a53cc, NULL);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (hp->units_needed) {
+        err = write_access_unit(avctx, data, data_len, au);
+        if (err < 0)
+            goto fail;
+    } else {
+        *data_len = 0;
+    }
+
+fail:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(au);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int write_filler(AVCodecContext *avctx, uint32_t filler,
+                        uint8_t *data, size_t *data_len)
+{
+    int err;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    CodedBitstreamFragment   *au = &enc->current_access_unit;
+
+    H265RawFiller raw_filler = {
+        .nal_unit_header =
+        {
+            .nal_unit_type = HEVC_NAL_FD_NUT,
+            .nuh_temporal_id_plus1 = 1,
+        },
+        .filler_size = filler,
+    };
+
+    err = vulkan_encode_h265_add_nal(avctx, au, &raw_filler);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = write_access_unit(avctx, data, data_len, au);
+fail:
+    ff_cbs_fragment_reset(au);
+    return err;
+}
+
+static const FFVulkanCodec enc_cb = {
+    .flags = FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURES |
+             FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURE_REFERENCES |
+             FF_HW_FLAG_NON_IDR_KEY_PICTURES,
+    .picture_priv_data_size = sizeof(VulkanEncodeH265Picture),
+    .filler_header_size = 7,
+    .init_profile = init_profile,
+    .init_pic_rc = init_pic_rc,
+    .init_pic_params = init_pic_params,
+    .write_sequence_headers = write_sequence_headers,
+    .write_extra_headers = write_extra_headers,
+    .write_filler = write_filler,
+};
+
+static av_cold int vulkan_encode_h265_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    int err, ref_l0, ref_l1;
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    FFVulkanEncodeContext *ctx = &enc->common;
+    FFHWBaseEncodeContext *base_ctx = &ctx->base;
+    int flags;
+
+    if (avctx->profile == AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN)
+        avctx->profile = enc->common.opts.profile;
+
+    enc->caps = (VkVideoEncodeH265CapabilitiesKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_CAPABILITIES_KHR,
+    };
+
+    enc->quality_props = (VkVideoEncodeH265QualityLevelPropertiesKHR) {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_QUALITY_LEVEL_PROPERTIES_KHR,
+    };
+
+    err = ff_vulkan_encode_init(avctx, &enc->common,
+                                &ff_vk_enc_h265_desc, &enc_cb,
+                                &enc->caps, &enc->quality_props);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "H265 encoder capabilities:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    Standard capability flags:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        separate_color_plane: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_SEPARATE_COLOR_PLANE_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        sample_adaptive_offset: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_SAMPLE_ADAPTIVE_OFFSET_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        scaling_lists: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_SCALING_LIST_DATA_PRESENT_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        pcm: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_PCM_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        temporal_mvp: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_SPS_TEMPORAL_MVP_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        init_qp: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_INIT_QP_MINUS26_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        weighted:%s%s\n",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_WEIGHTED_PRED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR ?
+               " pred" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_WEIGHTED_BIPRED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR ?
+               " bipred" : "");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        parallel_merge_level: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_LOG2_PARALLEL_MERGE_LEVEL_MINUS2_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        sign_data_hiding: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_SIGN_DATA_HIDING_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        transform_skip:%s%s\n",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_TRANSFORM_SKIP_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR ?
+           " set" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_TRANSFORM_SKIP_ENABLED_FLAG_UNSET_BIT_KHR ?
+           " unset" : "");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        slice_chroma_qp_offsets: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_PPS_SLICE_CHROMA_QP_OFFSETS_PRESENT_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        transquant_bypass: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_TRANSQUANT_BYPASS_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        constrained_intra_pred: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_CONSTRAINED_INTRA_PRED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        entrypy_coding_sync: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_ENTROPY_CODING_SYNC_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        dependent_slice_segment:%s%s\n",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_DEPENDENT_SLICE_SEGMENTS_ENABLED_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR ?
+               " enabled" : "",
+           enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_DEPENDENT_SLICE_SEGMENT_FLAG_SET_BIT_KHR ?
+               " set" : "");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        slice_qp_delta: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_SLICE_QP_DELTA_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        different_slice_qp_delta: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.stdSyntaxFlags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H265_STD_DIFFERENT_SLICE_QP_DELTA_BIT_KHR));
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    Capability flags:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        hdr_compliance: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_HRD_COMPLIANCE_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        pred_weight_table_generated: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_PREDICTION_WEIGHT_TABLE_GENERATED_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        row_unaligned_slice: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_ROW_UNALIGNED_SLICE_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        different_slice_type: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_DIFFERENT_SLICE_TYPE_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        b_frame_in_l0_list: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_B_FRAME_IN_L0_LIST_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        b_frame_in_l1_list: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_B_FRAME_IN_L1_LIST_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        per_pict_type_min_max_qp: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_PER_PICTURE_TYPE_MIN_MAX_QP_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        per_slice_constant_qp: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_PER_SLICE_CONSTANT_QP_BIT_KHR));
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        generate_prefix_nalu: %i\n",
+           !!(enc->caps.flags & VK_VIDEO_ENCODE_H264_CAPABILITY_GENERATE_PREFIX_NALU_BIT_KHR));
+
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    Capabilities:\n");
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        maxLevelIdc: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxLevelIdc);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        maxSliceCount: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxSliceSegmentCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        maxTiles: %ix%i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxTiles.width, enc->caps.maxTiles.height);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        cbtSizes: 0x%x\n",
+           enc->caps.ctbSizes);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        transformBlockSizes: 0x%x\n",
+           enc->caps.transformBlockSizes);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        max(P/B)PictureL0ReferenceCount: %i P's; %i B's\n",
+           enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount,
+           enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        maxL1ReferenceCount: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        maxSubLayerCount: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.maxSubLayerCount);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        expectDyadicTemporalLayerPattern: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.expectDyadicTemporalSubLayerPattern);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        min/max Qp: [%i, %i]\n",
+           enc->caps.minQp, enc->caps.maxQp);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        prefersGopRemainingFrames: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.prefersGopRemainingFrames);
+    av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "        requiresGopRemainingFrames: %i\n",
+           enc->caps.requiresGopRemainingFrames);
+
+    err = init_enc_options(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    flags = ctx->codec->flags;
+    if (!enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount &&
+        !enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount &&
+        !enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount) {
+        /* Intra-only */
+        flags |= FF_HW_FLAG_INTRA_ONLY;
+        ref_l0 = ref_l1 = 0;
+    } else if (!enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount) {
+        /* No P-frames? How. */
+        base_ctx->p_to_gpb = 1;
+        ref_l0 = enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount;
+        ref_l1 = enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount;
+    } else if (!enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount &&
+               !enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount) {
+        /* No B-frames */
+        flags &= ~(FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURES | FF_HW_FLAG_B_PICTURE_REFERENCES);
+        ref_l0 = enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount;
+        ref_l1 = 0;
+    } else {
+        /* P and B frames */
+        ref_l0 = FFMIN(enc->caps.maxPPictureL0ReferenceCount,
+                       enc->caps.maxBPictureL0ReferenceCount);
+        ref_l1 = enc->caps.maxL1ReferenceCount;
+    }
+
+    err = ff_hw_base_init_gop_structure(base_ctx, avctx, ref_l0, ref_l1,
+                                        flags, 0);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    base_ctx->output_delay = base_ctx->b_per_p;
+    base_ctx->decode_delay = base_ctx->max_b_depth;
+
+    /* Init CBS */
+    err = ff_cbs_init(&enc->cbs, AV_CODEC_ID_HEVC, avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Create units and session parameters */
+    err = init_base_units(avctx);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Write out extradata */
+    err = ff_vulkan_write_global_header(avctx, &enc->common);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static av_cold int vulkan_encode_h265_close(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    VulkanEncodeH265Context *enc = avctx->priv_data;
+    ff_vulkan_encode_uninit(&enc->common);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#define OFFSET(x) offsetof(VulkanEncodeH265Context, x)
+#define FLAGS (AV_OPT_FLAG_VIDEO_PARAM | AV_OPT_FLAG_ENCODING_PARAM)
+static const AVOption vulkan_encode_h265_options[] = {
+    HW_BASE_ENCODE_COMMON_OPTIONS,
+    VULKAN_ENCODE_COMMON_OPTIONS,
+
+    { "profile", "Set profile (profile_idc and constraint_set*_flag)",
+      OFFSET(common.opts.profile), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,
+      { .i64 = AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN }, AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN, 0xffff, FLAGS, .unit = "profile" },
+
+#define PROFILE(name, value)  name, NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, \
+      { .i64 = value }, 0, 0, FLAGS, .unit = "profile"
+    { PROFILE("main",               AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN) },
+    { PROFILE("main10",             AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN_10) },
+    { PROFILE("rext",               AV_PROFILE_HEVC_REXT) },
+#undef PROFILE
+
+    { "tier", "Set tier (general_tier_flag)", OFFSET(common.opts.tier), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT, { .i64 = 0 }, 0, 1, FLAGS, .unit = "tier" },
+        { "main", NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = 0 }, 0, 0, FLAGS, .unit = "tier" },
+        { "high", NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = 1 }, 0, 0, FLAGS, .unit = "tier" },
+
+    { "level", "Set level (general_level_idc)",
+      OFFSET(common.opts.level), AV_OPT_TYPE_INT,
+      { .i64 = AV_LEVEL_UNKNOWN }, AV_LEVEL_UNKNOWN, 0xff, FLAGS, .unit = "level" },
+
+#define LEVEL(name, value) name, NULL, 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, \
+      { .i64 = value }, 0, 0, FLAGS, .unit = "level"
+    { LEVEL("1",    30) },
+    { LEVEL("2",    60) },
+    { LEVEL("2.1",  63) },
+    { LEVEL("3",    90) },
+    { LEVEL("3.1",  93) },
+    { LEVEL("4",   120) },
+    { LEVEL("4.1", 123) },
+    { LEVEL("5",   150) },
+    { LEVEL("5.1", 153) },
+    { LEVEL("5.2", 156) },
+    { LEVEL("6",   180) },
+    { LEVEL("6.1", 183) },
+    { LEVEL("6.2", 186) },
+#undef LEVEL
+
+    { "units", "Set units to include", OFFSET(unit_elems), AV_OPT_TYPE_FLAGS, { .i64 = UNIT_SEI_MASTERING_DISPLAY | UNIT_SEI_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL | UNIT_SEI_A53_CC }, 0, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+        { "hdr",        "Include HDR metadata for mastering display colour volume and content light level information", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = UNIT_SEI_MASTERING_DISPLAY | UNIT_SEI_CONTENT_LIGHT_LEVEL }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+        { "a53_cc",     "Include A/53 caption data", 0, AV_OPT_TYPE_CONST, { .i64 = UNIT_SEI_A53_CC }, INT_MIN, INT_MAX, FLAGS, "units" },
+
+    { NULL },
+};
+
+static const FFCodecDefault vulkan_encode_h265_defaults[] = {
+    { "b",              "0"   },
+    { "bf",             "2"   },
+    { "g",              "300" },
+    { "i_qfactor",      "1"   },
+    { "i_qoffset",      "0"   },
+    { "b_qfactor",      "6/5" },
+    { "b_qoffset",      "0"   },
+    { "qmin",           "-1"  },
+    { "qmax",           "-1"  },
+    { NULL },
+};
+
+static const AVClass vulkan_encode_h265_class = {
+    .class_name = "hevc_vulkan",
+    .item_name  = av_default_item_name,
+    .option     = vulkan_encode_h265_options,
+    .version    = LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT,
+};
+
+const FFCodec ff_hevc_vulkan_encoder = {
+    .p.name         = "hevc_vulkan",
+    CODEC_LONG_NAME("H.265/HEVC (Vulkan)"),
+    .p.type         = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO,
+    .p.id           = AV_CODEC_ID_HEVC,
+    .priv_data_size = sizeof(VulkanEncodeH265Context),
+    .init           = &vulkan_encode_h265_init,
+    FF_CODEC_RECEIVE_PACKET_CB(&ff_vulkan_encode_receive_packet),
+    .close          = &vulkan_encode_h265_close,
+    .p.priv_class   = &vulkan_encode_h265_class,
+    .p.capabilities = AV_CODEC_CAP_DELAY |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_HARDWARE |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_DR1 |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_ENCODER_FLUSH |
+                      AV_CODEC_CAP_ENCODER_REORDERED_OPAQUE,
+    .caps_internal  = FF_CODEC_CAP_INIT_CLEANUP,
+    .defaults       = vulkan_encode_h265_defaults,
+    .p.pix_fmts = (const enum AVPixelFormat[]) {
+        AV_PIX_FMT_VULKAN,
+        AV_PIX_FMT_NONE,
+    },
+    .hw_configs     = ff_vulkan_encode_hw_configs,
+    .p.wrapper_name = "vulkan",
+};
diff --git a/libavcodec/vulkan_hevc.c b/libavcodec/vulkan_hevc.c
index 68819436a4..0b20005687 100644
--- a/libavcodec/vulkan_hevc.c
+++ b/libavcodec/vulkan_hevc.c
@@ -179,25 +179,6 @@ static int vk_hevc_fill_pict(AVCodecContext *avctx, HEVCFrame **ref_src,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static StdVideoH265LevelIdc convert_to_vk_level_idc(int level_idc)
-{
-    switch (level_idc) {
-    case 10: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_1_0;
-    case 20: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_2_0;
-    case 21: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_2_1;
-    case 30: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_3_0;
-    case 31: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_3_1;
-    case 40: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_4_0;
-    case 41: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_4_1;
-    case 50: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_5_0;
-    case 51: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_5_1;
-    case 60: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_6_0;
-    case 61: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_6_1;
-    default:
-    case 62: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_6_2;
-    }
-}
-
 static void copy_scaling_list(const ScalingList *sl, StdVideoH265ScalingLists *vksl)
 {
     for (int i = 0; i < STD_VIDEO_H265_SCALING_LIST_4X4_NUM_LISTS; i++) {
@@ -338,7 +319,7 @@ static void set_sps(const HEVCSPS *sps, int sps_idx,
             .general_frame_only_constraint_flag = sps->ptl.general_ptl.frame_only_constraint_flag,
         },
         .general_profile_idc = sps->ptl.general_ptl.profile_idc,
-        .general_level_idc = convert_to_vk_level_idc(sps->ptl.general_ptl.level_idc),
+        .general_level_idc = ff_vk_h265_level_to_vk(sps->ptl.general_ptl.level_idc),
     };
 
     for (int i = 0; i < sps->max_sub_layers; i++) {
@@ -607,8 +588,8 @@ static void set_vps(const HEVCVPS *vps,
             .general_non_packed_constraint_flag = vps->ptl.general_ptl.non_packed_constraint_flag,
             .general_frame_only_constraint_flag = vps->ptl.general_ptl.frame_only_constraint_flag,
         },
-        .general_profile_idc = vps->ptl.general_ptl.profile_idc,
-        .general_level_idc = convert_to_vk_level_idc(vps->ptl.general_ptl.level_idc),
+        .general_profile_idc = ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(vps->ptl.general_ptl.profile_idc),
+        .general_level_idc = ff_vk_h265_level_to_vk(vps->ptl.general_ptl.level_idc),
     };
 
     for (int i = 0; i < vps->vps_max_sub_layers; i++) {
diff --git a/libavcodec/vulkan_video.c b/libavcodec/vulkan_video.c
index c056737d24..3a04d60d68 100644
--- a/libavcodec/vulkan_video.c
+++ b/libavcodec/vulkan_video.c
@@ -203,6 +203,25 @@ int ff_vk_h265_level_to_av(StdVideoH265LevelIdc level)
     }
 }
 
+StdVideoH265LevelIdc ff_vk_h265_level_to_vk(int level_idc)
+{
+    switch (level_idc) {
+    case 10: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_1_0;
+    case 20: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_2_0;
+    case 21: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_2_1;
+    case 30: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_3_0;
+    case 31: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_3_1;
+    case 40: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_4_0;
+    case 41: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_4_1;
+    case 50: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_5_0;
+    case 51: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_5_1;
+    case 60: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_6_0;
+    case 61: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_6_1;
+    default:
+    case 62: return STD_VIDEO_H265_LEVEL_IDC_6_2;
+    }
+}
+
 StdVideoH264ProfileIdc ff_vk_h264_profile_to_vk(int profile)
 {
     switch (profile) {
@@ -214,6 +233,16 @@ StdVideoH264ProfileIdc ff_vk_h264_profile_to_vk(int profile)
     }
 }
 
+StdVideoH265ProfileIdc ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(int profile)
+{
+    switch (profile) {
+    case AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN:    return STD_VIDEO_H265_PROFILE_IDC_MAIN;
+    case AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN_10: return STD_VIDEO_H265_PROFILE_IDC_MAIN_10;
+    case AV_PROFILE_HEVC_REXT:    return STD_VIDEO_H265_PROFILE_IDC_FORMAT_RANGE_EXTENSIONS;
+    default: return STD_VIDEO_H265_PROFILE_IDC_INVALID;
+    }
+}
+
 int ff_vk_h264_profile_to_av(StdVideoH264ProfileIdc profile)
 {
     switch (profile) {
@@ -225,6 +254,16 @@ int ff_vk_h264_profile_to_av(StdVideoH264ProfileIdc profile)
     }
 }
 
+int ff_vk_h265_profile_to_av(StdVideoH264ProfileIdc profile)
+{
+    switch (profile) {
+    case STD_VIDEO_H265_PROFILE_IDC_MAIN: return AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN;
+    case STD_VIDEO_H265_PROFILE_IDC_MAIN_10: return AV_PROFILE_HEVC_MAIN_10;
+    case STD_VIDEO_H265_PROFILE_IDC_FORMAT_RANGE_EXTENSIONS: return AV_PROFILE_HEVC_REXT;
+    default: return AV_PROFILE_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+}
+
 int ff_vk_video_qf_init(FFVulkanContext *s, FFVkQueueFamilyCtx *qf,
                         VkQueueFlagBits family, VkVideoCodecOperationFlagBitsKHR caps)
 {
diff --git a/libavcodec/vulkan_video.h b/libavcodec/vulkan_video.h
index 01659f6501..c205f7b88f 100644
--- a/libavcodec/vulkan_video.h
+++ b/libavcodec/vulkan_video.h
@@ -76,12 +76,15 @@ int ff_vk_h264_level_to_av(StdVideoH264LevelIdc level);
 int ff_vk_h265_level_to_av(StdVideoH265LevelIdc level);
 
 StdVideoH264LevelIdc ff_vk_h264_level_to_vk(int level_idc);
+StdVideoH265LevelIdc ff_vk_h265_level_to_vk(int level_idc);
 
 /**
  * Convert profile from/to AV to Vulkan
  */
 StdVideoH264ProfileIdc ff_vk_h264_profile_to_vk(int profile);
+StdVideoH265ProfileIdc ff_vk_h265_profile_to_vk(int profile);
 int ff_vk_h264_profile_to_av(StdVideoH264ProfileIdc profile);
+int ff_vk_h265_profile_to_av(StdVideoH264ProfileIdc profile);
 
 /**
  * Creates image views for video frames.