diff --git a/libavcodec/avs.c b/libavcodec/avs.c
index abfe54de13..c4eaf2057b 100644
--- a/libavcodec/avs.c
+++ b/libavcodec/avs.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 
 typedef struct {
-    AVFrame picture;
+    AVFrame *frame;
 } AvsContext;
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ avs_decode_frame(AVCodecContext * avctx,
     int buf_size = avpkt->size;
     AvsContext *const avs = avctx->priv_data;
     AVFrame *picture = data;
-    AVFrame *const p =  &avs->picture;
+    AVFrame *const p =  avs->frame;
     const uint8_t *table, *vect;
     uint8_t *out;
     int i, j, x, y, stride, ret, vect_w = 3, vect_h = 3;
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ avs_decode_frame(AVCodecContext * avctx,
     p->pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
     p->key_frame = 0;
 
-    out = avs->picture.data[0];
-    stride = avs->picture.linesize[0];
+    out    = p->data[0];
+    stride = p->linesize[0];
 
     if (buf_end - buf < 4)
         return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ avs_decode_frame(AVCodecContext * avctx,
 
     if (type == AVS_PALETTE) {
         int first, last;
-        uint32_t *pal = (uint32_t *) avs->picture.data[1];
+        uint32_t *pal = (uint32_t *) p->data[1];
 
         first = AV_RL16(buf);
         last = first + AV_RL16(buf + 2);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ avs_decode_frame(AVCodecContext * avctx,
             align_get_bits(&change_map);
     }
 
-    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(picture, &avs->picture)) < 0)
+    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(picture, p)) < 0)
         return ret;
     *got_frame = 1;
 
@@ -159,16 +159,21 @@ avs_decode_frame(AVCodecContext * avctx,
 static av_cold int avs_decode_init(AVCodecContext * avctx)
 {
     AvsContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    s->frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!s->frame)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
     avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_PAL8;
     ff_set_dimensions(avctx, 318, 198);
-    avcodec_get_frame_defaults(&s->picture);
+
     return 0;
 }
 
 static av_cold int avs_decode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     AvsContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
-    av_frame_unref(&s->picture);
+    av_frame_free(&s->frame);
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/libavcodec/bethsoftvideo.c b/libavcodec/bethsoftvideo.c
index 71d111f893..37cd22eb39 100644
--- a/libavcodec/bethsoftvideo.c
+++ b/libavcodec/bethsoftvideo.c
@@ -34,21 +34,25 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 typedef struct BethsoftvidContext {
-    AVFrame frame;
+    AVFrame *frame;
     GetByteContext g;
 } BethsoftvidContext;
 
 static av_cold int bethsoftvid_decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     BethsoftvidContext *vid = avctx->priv_data;
-    avcodec_get_frame_defaults(&vid->frame);
     avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_PAL8;
+
+    vid->frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!vid->frame)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int set_palette(BethsoftvidContext *ctx)
 {
-    uint32_t *palette = (uint32_t *)ctx->frame.data[1];
+    uint32_t *palette = (uint32_t *)ctx->frame->data[1];
     int a;
 
     if (bytestream2_get_bytes_left(&ctx->g) < 256*3)
@@ -58,7 +62,7 @@ static int set_palette(BethsoftvidContext *ctx)
         palette[a] = 0xFFU << 24 | bytestream2_get_be24u(&ctx->g) * 4;
         palette[a] |= palette[a] >> 6 & 0x30303;
     }
-    ctx->frame.palette_has_changed = 1;
+    ctx->frame->palette_has_changed = 1;
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -75,9 +79,9 @@ static int bethsoftvid_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     int code, ret;
     int yoffset;
 
-    if ((ret = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, &vid->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((ret = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, vid->frame)) < 0)
         return ret;
-    wrap_to_next_line = vid->frame.linesize[0] - avctx->width;
+    wrap_to_next_line = vid->frame->linesize[0] - avctx->width;
 
     if (avpkt->side_data_elems > 0 &&
         avpkt->side_data[0].type == AV_PKT_DATA_PALETTE) {
@@ -88,8 +92,8 @@ static int bethsoftvid_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     }
 
     bytestream2_init(&vid->g, avpkt->data, avpkt->size);
-    dst = vid->frame.data[0];
-    frame_end = vid->frame.data[0] + vid->frame.linesize[0] * avctx->height;
+    dst = vid->frame->data[0];
+    frame_end = vid->frame->data[0] + vid->frame->linesize[0] * avctx->height;
 
     switch(block_type = bytestream2_get_byte(&vid->g)){
         case PALETTE_BLOCK: {
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@ static int bethsoftvid_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
             yoffset = bytestream2_get_le16(&vid->g);
             if(yoffset >= avctx->height)
                 return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
-            dst += vid->frame.linesize[0] * yoffset;
+            dst += vid->frame->linesize[0] * yoffset;
     }
 
     // main code
@@ -134,7 +138,7 @@ static int bethsoftvid_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
     }
     end:
 
-    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(data, &vid->frame)) < 0)
+    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(data, vid->frame)) < 0)
         return ret;
 
     *got_frame = 1;
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ static int bethsoftvid_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 static av_cold int bethsoftvid_decode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     BethsoftvidContext * vid = avctx->priv_data;
-    av_frame_unref(&vid->frame);
+    av_frame_free(&vid->frame);
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/libavcodec/c93.c b/libavcodec/c93.c
index 9ac804ef72..ad3fa3b7b8 100644
--- a/libavcodec/c93.c
+++ b/libavcodec/c93.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 typedef struct {
-    AVFrame pictures[2];
+    AVFrame *pictures[2];
     int currentpic;
 } C93DecoderContext;
 
@@ -46,21 +46,27 @@ typedef enum {
 #define C93_HAS_PALETTE 0x01
 #define C93_FIRST_FRAME 0x02
 
-static av_cold int decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
-{
-    C93DecoderContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
-    avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_PAL8;
-    avcodec_get_frame_defaults(&s->pictures[0]);
-    avcodec_get_frame_defaults(&s->pictures[1]);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static av_cold int decode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     C93DecoderContext * const c93 = avctx->priv_data;
 
-    av_frame_unref(&c93->pictures[0]);
-    av_frame_unref(&c93->pictures[1]);
+    av_frame_free(&c93->pictures[0]);
+    av_frame_free(&c93->pictures[1]);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static av_cold int decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    C93DecoderContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
+    avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_PAL8;
+
+    s->pictures[0] = av_frame_alloc();
+    s->pictures[1] = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!s->pictures[0] || !s->pictures[1]) {
+        decode_end(avctx);
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
 
     return 0;
 }
@@ -121,8 +127,8 @@ static int decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, void *data,
     const uint8_t *buf = avpkt->data;
     int buf_size = avpkt->size;
     C93DecoderContext * const c93 = avctx->priv_data;
-    AVFrame * const newpic = &c93->pictures[c93->currentpic];
-    AVFrame * const oldpic = &c93->pictures[c93->currentpic^1];
+    AVFrame * const newpic = c93->pictures[c93->currentpic];
+    AVFrame * const oldpic = c93->pictures[c93->currentpic^1];
     GetByteContext gb;
     uint8_t *out;
     int stride, ret, i, x, y, b, bt = 0;